{
  "urn": "urn:us-la:civcode:art:1838",
  "article_number": "1838",
  "heading": "Party must acknowledge or deny signature",
  "text": "A party against whom an act under private signature is asserted must acknowledge his signature or deny that it is his.\n\nIn case of denial, any means of proof may be used to establish that the signature belongs to that party.",
  "status": "active",
  "hierarchy_path": [
    {
      "level": "book",
      "number": "III",
      "name": "Of the Different Modes of Acquiring the Ownership of Things"
    },
    {
      "level": "title",
      "number": "III",
      "name": "Obligations in General"
    },
    {
      "level": "chapter",
      "number": "5",
      "name": "Proof of Obligations"
    }
  ],
  "breadcrumb": "Book III › Title III › Chapter 5",
  "acts_citations": [
    {
      "act_year": 1984,
      "act_number": 331,
      "section": 1,
      "effective_date": "1985-01-01",
      "effective_date_raw": "Jan. 1, 1985",
      "role": "enactment"
    }
  ],
  "acts_citations_raw": "Acts 1984, No. 331, §1, eff. Jan. 1, 1985.",
  "source_url": "https://legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=109077",
  "website_law_id": 109077,
  "scrape_timestamp": "2026-05-20T14:10:25Z",
  "source_html_hash": "sha256:cde23fdef89fc5193d5861981432787ce7ba91a861e3ce72632ad3ca6025a547",
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}